yearEvents=[{"events": [" Australian colonies unified under single government", " Boxer Rebellion ends", " Edward VII becomes King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India upon the death of Queen Victoria", " Platt Amendment limits the autonomy of Cuba in exchange for withdrawal of American troops", " Assassination of William McKinley", " Emily Hobhouse reports on the terrible conditions in the 45 British concentration camps for Boer women and children in South Africa", " Guglielmo Marconi receives the first trans-Atlantic radio signal"], "year": 1901}, {"events": [" Second Boer War ends", " Philippine\u2013American War ends", " Cuba gains independence from the United States", " Willis Carrier invents the first modern electrical air conditioning unit", " Unification of Saudi Arabia begins", " Venezuela Crisis, in which Britain, Germany and Italy sustain a naval blockade on Venezuela in order to enforce collection of outstanding financial claims"], "year": 1902}, {"events": [" First controlled heavier-than-air flight of the Wright Brothers", " Herero and Namaqua Genocide, the first genocide of the 20th century, begins in German South-West Africa", " In Russia the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks form from the breakup of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party", " Pius X becomes Pope", " The teddy bear is invented", " The first Tour de France is held", " Independence of Panama, the Hay\u2013Bunau-Varilla Treaty is signed by the United States and Panama", " The Ottoman Empire and the German Empire sign an agreement to build the Constantinople-Baghdad Railway"], "year": 1903}, {"events": [" Entente cordiale signed between Britain and France", " A Japanese surprise attack on Port Arthur (Lushun) starts the Russo-Japanese War", " Trans-Siberian railway is completed", " Construction of the Panama Canal begins", " Roger Casement publishes his account of Belgian atrocities in the Congo Free State", " End of British expedition to Tibet"], "year": 1904}, {"events": [" Russo-Japanese War ends", " Revolution of 1905 in Russia", " Persian Constitutional Revolution begins", " Trans-Siberian Railway opened", " Albert Einstein's formulation of relativity", " Schlieffen Plan proposed", " The British Indian Province of Bengal, was partitioned by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon", " First Moroccan Crisis", " The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence"], "year": 1905}, {"events": [" Earthquakes in San Francisco, California (death toll: 3000) and Valpara\u00edso, Chile (death toll: 20,000) occur", " Dreyfus Affair ends", " Stolypin reform in Russia creates a new class of affluent kulaks", " Brazilian inventor Alberto Santos-Dumont takes off and flies his 14-bis to a crowd in Paris", " Death of Paul C\u00e9zanne", " The Muslim League is formed by Nawab Salimullah Khan of Dacca", " The US began the Second Occupation of Cuba"], "year": 1906}, {"events": [" Herero and Namaqua Genocide ends", " A peasants' revolt in Romania kills roughly 11,000", " The Indian National Congress splits into two factions at its Surat session, presided by Rash Behari Bose", " Persian Constitutional Revolution ends with the establishment of a parliament", " Japan\u2013Korea Treaty of 1907", " The Anglo-Russian Entente bring a pause in The Great Game in Central Asia", " Elections to the new Parliament of Finland are the first in the world with woman candidates, as well as the first elections in Europe where universal suffrage is applied"], "year": 1907}, {"events": [" First commercial radio transmissions", " The Ford Motor Company invents the Model T", " First commercial Middle-Eastern oilfield established, at Masjed Soleyman in southwest Persia", " The Tunguska impact devastates thousands of square kilometres of Siberia", " Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire", " Independence of Bulgaria", " Austro-Hungary annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, triggering the Bosnian Crisis", " Pu Yi, the last Emperor of China, assumes the throne", " 1908 Messina earthquake kills over 70,000 people", " Start of publication of Robert Baden-Powell's Scouting for Boys in London"], "year": 1908}, {"events": [" United States troops leave Cuba", " Bosnian crisis ends with Austro-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina", " Robert E", " Peary claims to have reached the North Pole though the claim is subsequently heavily contested", " Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909", " Ottoman countercoup fails in the Ottoman Empire", " A revolution forces Mohammad Ali Shah, Persian Shah of the Qajar dynasty to abdicate in favor of his son Ahmad Shah Qajar"], "year": 1909}, {"events": [" Beginning of the Mexican Revolution", " George V becomes King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India", " Union of South Africa created", " 5 October 1910 revolution in Portugal and proclamation of the First Portuguese Republic", " Imperial Japan annexes Korea", " Deaths of Leo Tolstoy and Mark Twain", " Boy Scouts of America is founded", " Halley's Comet returns", " Montenegro is proclaimed an independent kingdom", " Albanian Revolt of 1910"], "year": 1910}, {"events": [" Xinhai Revolution in China overthrows the Qing Dynasty", " Roald Amundsen first reaches the South Pole", " Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire results in the deaths of 146 workers and leads to sweeping workplace safety reforms", " New Delhi becomes the capital of British India", " Ernest Rutherford identifies the atomic nucleus", " The Italo-Turkish war leads to the capture of Libya by Italy", " Eugene B", " Ely lands on the deck of the USS Pennsylvania stationed in San Francisco harbor, marking the first time an aircraft lands on a ship", " Agadir Crisis"], "year": 1911}, {"events": [" End of the Chinese Empire; Republic of China established", " The African National Congress is founded", " Morocco becomes a protectorate of France", " Sinking of the RMS Titanic", " First Balkan War begin", " Woodrow Wilson is elected 28th President of the United States", " Arizona becomes the last state to be admitted to the continental Union", " United States occupation of Nicaragua begins", " The Kuomintang, the Chinese nationalist party, is founded"], "year": 1912}, {"events": [" Niels Bohr formulates the first cohesive model of the atomic nucleus, and in the process paves the way to quantum mechanics", " In the 1913 Ottoman coup d'\u00e9tat, Ismail Enver comes to power", "Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line", " La Decena Tr\u00e1gica", " Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve China's parliament and rules as a dictator", " Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring infamously premiers in Paris", " Treaty of London", " Second Balkan War and Treaty of Bucharest", " The Federal Reserve System is created"], "year": 1913}, {"events": [" Gavrilo Princip assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo, triggering the start of World War I", " The United Kingdom establishes the Sultanate of Egypt as a protectorate", " Panama Canal opens", " Benedict XV becomes Pope", " Martha, last known passenger pigeon, dies"], "year": 1914}, {"events": [" The RMS Lusitania is sunk", " The United States occupation of Haiti begins", " Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire", " D", " W", " Griffith's The Birth of a Nation is released", " First use of poison gas at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle and Second Battle of Ypres"], "year": 1915}, {"events": [" Easter Rising in Ireland", " The implementation of daylight saving time", " Warlord Era begins in China", " David Lloyd George becomes the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", " The Gallipoli Campaign fails", " First use of tanks at the Battle of Flers-Courcelette", " Battle of the Somme", " Grigory Rasputin is assassinated by H", "H", " Prince Felix Youssoupov", " The Pact is agreed upon by both the Congress and the Muslim League at the Indian city of Lucknow", " Battle of Verdun"], "year": 1916}, {"events": [" Russian Revolution ends the Russian Empire; beginning of Russian Civil War", " USA join the Allies for the last 17 months of World War I", " Independence of Poland recognised", " The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded", " October Revolution in Russia", " Ukrainian\u2013Soviet War begins"], "year": 1917}, {"events": [" End of World War I", " German Revolution begins", " Abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II", " Spanish flu pandemic", " Murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his family", " Poland, Ukraine and Belarus are among a number of states to declare independence from Russia", " Finnish Civil War", " Mehmed VI becomes last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and last Caliph", " Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire begins", " The Kingdom of Iceland and The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs are established", " The British occupy Palestine", " Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen is founded", " Azerbaijan Democratic Republic is declared", " Armenian\u2013Azerbaijani War begins", " Polish\u2013Ukrainian War begins"], "year": 1918}, {"events": [" Treaty of Versailles redraws European borders", " German Revolution ends with the collapse of the German Empire and the establishment of the Weimar Republic", " Victory for Estonia in the Estonian War of Independence", " League of Nations founded in Paris", " Polish-Soviet War begins", " The Italian National Fascist Party is established by Benito Mussolini", " Comintern established", " Egyptian Revolution of 1919", " Turkish War of Independence begins", " End of Polish\u2013Ukrainian War", " The International Labor Organisation is established", " Ernest Rutherford discovers the proton", " First experimental evidence for the General theory of relativity obtained by Arthur Eddington"], "year": 1919}, {"events": [" Mexican Revolution ends", " Greece restores its monarchy after a referendum", " Turkish\u2013Armenian War is fought, and ends with victory for Turkey", " Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan and Armenia ends the Armenian\u2013Azerbaijani War and concludes with their incorporation into the Soviet Union", " Mohandas Gandhi launches Non-cooperation movement", " Prohibition in the United States enforced"], "year": 1920}, {"events": [" Adolf Hitler becomes F\u00fchrer of the Nazi Party as hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic begins", " Russia invades Georgia and incorporates it into the Soviet Union", " End of Russian Civil War, Polish-Soviet War and Ukrainian\u2013Soviet War", " Coup brings the Pahlavi dynasty to power in Iran"], "year": 1921}, {"events": [" Ottoman Sultanate abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly; Sultan Mehmed VI is deposed", " Irish Free State is established, while the Province of Northern Ireland is created within The United Kingdom", " The Irish Civil War begins", " The Italian reconquest of Libya begins", " The union of Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador is dissolved", " Egypt gains independence from the United Kingdom, though British forces still occupy the Suez Canal", " March on Rome brings Benito Mussolini to power in Italy", " Howard Carter discovers Tutankhamen's tomb", " Gabriel Narutowicz, President of Poland is assassinated", " The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the world's first officially Communist state, is formed", " Pius XI becomes Pope", " James Joyce publishes Ulysses", " The Washington Naval Treaty is signed", " Mohandas Gandhi calls off Non-cooperation movement"], "year": 1922}, {"events": [" Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic ends with the introduction of the Rentenmark", " Time Magazine is first published", " Irish Civil War ends", " The Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic, ends in failure and brief imprisonment for Adolf Hitler but brings the Nazi Party to national attention", " A military coup ousts and kills Bulgarian Prime Minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski", " The Great Kant\u014d earthquake kills at least 105,000 people in Japan", " Turkish War of Independence ends; Kemal Atat\u00fcrk becomes the first President of the newly established Republic of Turkey; Ankara replaces Istanbul as its capital", " The Walt Disney Company is founded"], "year": 1923}, {"events": [" Death of Vladimir Lenin triggers power struggle between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin", " The Caliphate is abolished by Kamal Atat\u00fcrk", " The U", "S", " Federal Bureau of Investigation founded under J", " Edgar Hoover", " The August Uprising in Georgia against Soviet rule", " George Gershwin composes Rhapsody In Blue", " U", "S", " Immigration Act of 1924 significantly restricts immigration from Asia, the Middle East, and Southern Europe"], "year": 1924}, {"events": [" Benito Mussolini gains dictatorial powers in Italy", " Mein Kampf is published", " First televisual image created by John Logie Baird", " Locarno Treaties are signed", " Serum run to Nome"], "year": 1925}, {"events": [" Hirohito becomes Emperor of Japan", " Coups in Greece, Poland and Portugal install new dictatorships"], "year": 1926}, {"events": [" The Jazz Singer, the first \"talkie\", is released", " Joseph Stalin becomes leader of the Soviet Union", " Chinese Civil War begins", " Bath School disaster", " Australian Parliament convenes in Canberra for the first time", " The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland officially becomes the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", " Saudi Arabia gains independence", " The BBC is granted a Royal Charter in the United Kingdom", " World population reaches 2 billion", " Charles Lindbergh's flight to Paris"], "year": 1927}, {"events": [" Discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming", " Warlord Era ends in China", " Malta becomes a British Dominion", " Bubble gum is invented", " King Zog I is crowned in Albania", " The Kellogg-Briand Pact is signed in Paris", " The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is established", " Mickey Mouse is created at the Walt Disney Studio", " Hassan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brotherhood"], "year": 1928}, {"events": [" Wall Street crash of 1929 and the beginning of the Great Depression", " Leon Trotsky is exiled First people sent to the gulag in the Soviet Union as Stalin assumes effective control", " Pope Pius XI signs the Lateran Treaty with Italian leader Benito Mussolini", " Vatican City is recognised as a sovereign state", " Saint Valentine's Day Massacre", " The first Academy Awards are presented"], "year": 1929}, {"events": [" Aided by the Great Depression, the Nazi Party increases its share of the vote from 2", "6% to 18", "3%", " Clyde Tombaugh discovers Pluto", " Salt March by Mohandas Gandhi and the official start of civil disobedience in British India", " Military coups replace governments in Peru and Brazil", " Haile Selassie becomes king of Abyssinia", " First FIFA World Cup hosted"], "year": 1930}, {"events": [" Floods in China kill up to 2", "5 million people", " Independence of South Africa", " Construction of the Empire State Building", " \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is adopted as the United States's national anthem", " The Second Spanish Republic is declared", " The Chinese Soviet Republic is proclaimed by Mao Zedong", " Statute of Westminster creates the British Commonwealth of Nations", " Japan invades Manchuria, China and occupies it until the end of World War II"], "year": 1931}, {"events": [" Franklin D", " Roosevelt is elected President of the United States", " \u00c9amon de Valera becomes President of the Executive Council (prime minister) of the Irish Free State", " The Nazi party becomes the largest single party in the German parliament", " Military coup in Chile", " BBC World Service starts broadcasting", " The Neutron is discovered", " Lindbergh baby kidnapping"], "year": 1932}, {"events": [" Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany", " New Deal begins in America", " Japan and Germany announce they are going to leave the League of Nations", " United States occupation of Nicaragua ends", " Prohibition in the United States is abolished"], "year": 1933}, {"events": [" Dictatorships begin in Brazil and Bolivia", " Mao Zedong begins the Long March", " United States occupation of Haiti ends", " United States grants more autonomy to the Philippines", " Adolf Hitler instigates the Night of the Long Knives, which cements his power over both the Nazi Party and Germany", " With the death of President Hindenburg, Hitler declares himself Fuhrer of Germany", " Bonnie and Clyde are shot to death in a police ambush", " John Dillinger is gunned down by the FBI outside the Biograph Theater"], "year": 1934}, {"events": [" Second Italo-Abyssinian War concludes with the exile of Haile Selassie and the conquest of Abyssinia by Benito Mussolini", " Persia becomes Iran", " William Lyon Mackenzie King is elected Prime Minister of Canada", " Enactment of the Nuremberg racial laws"], "year": 1935}, {"events": [" Beginning of the Spanish Civil War", " Great Purge begins under Stalin", " Edward VIII becomes King of the British Commonwealth and Emperor of India, before abdicating and handing the throne to his brother, George VI", " George Nissen and Larry Griswold build the first modern trampoline", " Hoover Dam is completed", " Arab Revolt in Palestine against the British begins to oppose Jewish immigration", " Italy annexes Ethiopia", " \"Benjamin\", the last known thylacine, dies in Hobart Zoo"], "year": 1936}, {"events": [" Japanese invasion of China, and the beginning of World War II in the Far East", " Rape of Nanking", " Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", " The Irish Republican Army attempts to assassinate King George VI of the United Kingdom", " Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is the first feature-length animated movie released", " Deaths of George Gershwin and Maurice Ravel", " German zeppelin Hindenburg crashes in Lakehurst, New Jersey"], "year": 1937}, {"events": [" Anschluss unifies Germany and Austria", " Munich agreement hands Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany", " Great Purge ends after nearly 700,000 executions", " Kristallnacht in Germany, while Time Magazine declares Adolf Hitler as Man of the Year", " DC Comics hero Superman has its first appearance"], "year": 1938}, {"events": [" End of Spanish Civil War; Francisco Franco becomes dictator of Spain", " Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union", " Nazi invasion of Poland triggers the beginning of World War II in Europe", " Soviet invasion of Poland begins 16 days later", " Palestinian revolt against the British ends", " Pius XII becomes Pope"], "year": 1939}, {"events": [" Nazis invade France, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway", " Katyn massacre of Polish soldiers in USSR and the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states", " Winter War between Soviet Union and Finland", " Soviet Union annexes the Baltic states", " Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", " Battle of Britain, the first entirely aerial military campaign, becomes the first significant defeat for the Axis powers", " The Blitz begins", " Leon Trotsky is assassinated", " Chechen insurgency begins in Soviet Union"], "year": 1940}, {"events": [" Operation Reinhard commences the main phase of The Holocaust", " Attack on Pearl Harbor, which leads to the USA joining World War II", " Hitler commences the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union", " Siege of Tobruk in North Africa is the first major defeat for Hitler's land forces", " Siege of Leningrad begins"], "year": 1941}, {"events": [" Battle of Midway", " Battle of the Coral Sea", " First and second Battles of El Alamein", " Battle of Stalingrad and Guadalcanal Campaign begin", " Internment of Japanese-American citizens in the US begins", " Manhattan Project begins"], "year": 1942}, {"events": [" Battle of Stalingrad ends with over two million casualties and the retreat of the German Army", " The failed Battle of Kursk becomes the last Nazi offensive on the Eastern Front", " Warsaw Ghetto uprising fails", " Tehran Conference between Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin agrees to launch Operation Overlord", " Green Revolution begins"], "year": 1943}, {"events": [" D-Day", " The Siege of Leningrad ends with Soviet victory after over a million deaths", " Chechen insurgency ends with deportation of the entire Chechen population"], "year": 1944}, {"events": [" Bombing of Dresden", " Battle of Berlin", " Yalta Conference", " End of World War II in Europe", " The Holocaust ends after ~12 million deaths, including 6 million Jews", " Deaths of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini", " Creation of the atomic bomb, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", " End of World War II in Asia and beginning of the Occupation of Japan", " Potsdam Conference divides Europe into Western and Soviet blocs", " United Nations founded", " Independence of Korea", " Deaths of Anne Frank and B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k", " Independence of Indonesia", " Nuremberg trials begin"], "year": 1945}, {"events": [" Italy becomes a republic", " French Fourth Republic established", " Independence of Jordan", " Nuremberg trials end", " First Indochina War begins", " First images taken of the Earth from space", " Bhumibol Adulyadej becomes King of Thailand", " Mustafa Barzani founds the Kurdistan Democratic Party", " Treaty of Manila declares Philippines independent"], "year": 1946}, {"events": [" Independence of India and Pakistan and beginning of First Indo-Pakistani War", " Invention of the first practical transistor", " Breaking of the sound barrier", " Harry Truman establishes the Truman Doctrine of containment of Communism", " Creation of the U", "S", " Central Intelligence Agency"], "year": 1947}, {"events": [" United Nations establishes Israeli Independence and the formation of the official State of Israel", " Arab-Israeli War", " Berlin Blockade begins", " Marshall Plan; founding of the OECD and the World Health Organization", " Assassination of Mohandas Gandhi", " The independence of Burma", " Beginning of apartheid in South Africa", " Division of North and South Korea", " First Indo-Pakistani War ends", " The Soviet Sever-2 expedition become the first party to indisputably set foot on the North Pole"], "year": 1948}, {"events": [" Creation of NATO", " Berlin Blockade ends", " Partition of Germany into the Soviet socialist German Democratic Republic and the NATO-backed Federal Republic of Germany", " COMECON founded by USSR and the Eastern Bloc", " Partition of Kashmir", " Establishment of the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong; The Republic of China relocates to Taiwan", " Soviet Union tests atomic bomb"], "year": 1949}, {"events": [" Communist victory in the Landing Operation on Hainan Island and Wanshan Archipelago Campaign end the Chinese Civil War", " Beginning of the Korean War", " Lhamo Dondrub becomes the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet"], "year": 1950}, {"events": [" Colombo Plan comes into effect", " Treaty of San Francisco ends the Occupation of Japan and formally concludes hostilities between Japan and the US"], "year": 1951}, {"events": [" European Defence Community formed", " Egyptian Revolution under Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk and ends British occupation", " Death of King George VI", " Queen Elizabeth II becomes Monarch of the Commonwealth realms", " Bonn\u2013Paris conventions end allied occupation of West Germany", " Slansky Trial in Czechoslovakia", " First Lady of Argentina Eva Per\u00f3n dies of cancer aged 33", " Detonation of the hydrogen bomb", " First scheduled flight by commercial jet", " Development of the first effective polio vaccine by Jonas Salk", " Mau Mau Uprising begins in Kenya"], "year": 1952}, {"events": [" Independence of Cambodia", " Discovery of the three-dimensional structure of DNA", " First ascent of Mount Everest", " Mohammed Mossadeq deposed in Iran", " End of the Korean War", " Death of Joseph Stalin; East German Uprising leads to the arrest and execution of Lavrentiy Beria; power struggle begins between Georgy Malenkov and Nikita Khrushchev", " Elvis Presley's musical career is launched"], "year": 1953}, {"events": [" Paris Treaty establishes Western European Union, Supreme Court of the United States decides Brown v", " Board of Education, ordering an end to racial segregation in public schools", " Rock Around the Clock by Bill Haley and His Comets, brings rock and roll to the American mainstream", " The Soviet Union generates first electricity by nuclear power", " First Indochina War ends", " Algerian War begins", " First Taiwan Strait Crisis begins"], "year": 1954}, {"events": [" Nikita Khrushchev assumes control of the Soviet Union", " Signing of the Warsaw Pact", " First Sudanese Civil War begins", " First Taiwan Strait Crisis ends", " Antimatter first produced", " Formation of the Central Treaty Organization"], "year": 1955}, {"events": [" Independence of Sudan and Tunisia and full independence of Pakistan", " French Fifth Republic established", " The Hungarian Uprising crushed by Soviet troops", " Nasser's nationalisation of the Suez Canal triggers the Suez crisis", " Brasilia constructed"], "year": 1956}, {"events": [" Launch of Sputnik 1 and the beginning of the Space Age", " Independence of Ghana", " Treaty of Rome, which would eventually lead to the European Union", " Harold Macmillan become British Prime Minister", " First prescription of the combined oral contraceptive pill"], "year": 1957}, {"events": [" Great Chinese Famine begins in China", " NASA, the U", "S", " Federal Aviation Authority and Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) founded", " CND's symbol, the peace sign, is first used", " Invention of the optical disc and the cassette tape", " Second Taiwan Strait Crisis"], "year": 1958}, {"events": [" Cuban Revolution", " Independence of Cyprus and Singapore", " Admission of Alaska and Hawaii into the United States", " Uprising in Tibet against China leads to the exile of the Dalai Lama", " First documented AIDS cases", " Beginning of the Vietnam War", " First images of the far side of the Moon", " Richie Valens, Buddy Holly and The Big Bopper die in a plane crash", " By this time, the gulag has been effectively disbanded, after over a million recorded deaths", " World population reaches 3 billion"], "year": 1959}, {"events": [" European Free Trade Association formed", " 1960 U-2 incident sparks deterioration in relations between superpowers", " Year of Africa: Independence of 17 African nations", " Assassination of Patrice Lumumba begins Congo Crisis begins", " Khrushchev withdraws Soviet cooperation with China, initiating the Sino-Soviet split", " The Birth control pill becomes commercially available", " Sharpeville Massacre in South Africa", " United States presidential election, 1960 marks the first televised debates between presidential candidates", " Mau Mau Uprising ends", " First manned descent to the deepest point on Earth, the Mariana Trench", " Construction of the first laser", " The Beatles form in Liverpool", " Muhammad Ali wins gold in Rome"], "year": 1960}, {"events": [" Great Leap Forward ends in China after the deaths of roughly 20 million people", " Construction of the Berlin Wall", " First human spaceflight", " Congo Crisis: Assassination of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba", " UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld dies in a plane crash"], "year": 1961}, {"events": [" Cuban missile crisis", " Algerian war ends with the independence of Algeria", " The Beatles' first record and the beginnings of the British Invasion", " Death of Marilyn Monroe", " Indonesia\u2013Malaysia confrontation begins", " A coup ends the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen and establishes the Yemen Arab Republic", " North Yemen Civil War begins", " Sino-Indian War", " Second Vatican Council is opened by Pope John XXIII"], "year": 1962}, {"events": [" Independence of Kenya and creation of Malaysia Birmingham campaign", " Martin Luther King, Jr", " delivers \"I Have a Dream\" at the March on Washington", " Assassination of John F", " Kennedy", " Launch of the first geostationary satellite", " Paul VI becomes Pope"], "year": 1963}, {"events": [" Leonid Brezhnev ousts Khrushchev and assumes power in the Soviet Union", " Independence of Malta, Malawi and Tanzania", " Civil Rights Act abolishes segregation in the USA", " Colombian armed conflict begins", " The Beatles first visit to the United States", " Rhodesian Bush War begins"], "year": 1964}, {"events": [" Deaths of Winston Churchill and Malcolm X", " Congo Crisis ends; Joseph Mobutu becomes dictator of the Congo", " Anti-Communist purge in Indonesia kills up to 500,000 people", " Second Indo-Pakistani War", " Second Vatican Council is closed by Pope Paul VI"], "year": 1965}, {"events": [" Indonesia\u2013Malaysia confrontation ends", " China's Cultural Revolution begins", " Independence of Lesotho, Botswana and Barbados"], "year": 1966}, {"events": [" Summer of Love", " Six Day War", " Attempted secession of the Republic of Biafra from Nigeria triggers the Nigerian Civil War", " ASEAN founded", " The Beatles release their landmark album Sgt", " Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", " Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt disappears while swimming at Cheviot Beach, Victoria"], "year": 1967}, {"events": [" Assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr", " and Robert F", " Kennedy during the Poor People's Campaign", " Prague Spring crushed by Eastern Bloc military intervention", " May 1968 protests in France", " The Troubles begin in Northern Ireland", " Tet Offensive occurs in South Vietnam"], "year": 1968}, {"events": [" Moon landings", " Woodstock festival", " Sino-Soviet border conflict", " The Manson Family Murders", " Creation of ARPANET, the earliest incarnation of the Internet", " Muammar Gaddafi overthrows King Idris of Libya in a Coup d'\u00e9tat and establishes the Libyan Arab Republic"], "year": 1969}, {"events": [" Nigerian Civil War ends with the reintegration of the Republic of Biafra with Nigeria after ~3 million deaths", " Edward Heath becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", " Polish 1970 protests", " Cambodian Civil War begins", " Kent State massacre leaves four students dead and nine injured", " Yemeni Civil War ends", " Ratification of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty", " Containerisation adopted globally, massively boosting global trade", " Maiden flight of the Boeing 747", " Bhola Cyclone kills 500,000 people in East Pakistan", " Black September in Jordan begins", " Death of Gamal Abdel Nasser", " Anwar Sadat becomes President of Egypt", " Deaths of Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin"], "year": 1970}, {"events": [" Black September in Jordan ends", " Bangladesh Liberation War ends in independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan and precipitates Third Indo-Pakistani War", " Internment begins in Northern Ireland", " Invention of the microchip", " Idi Amin seizes power in Uganda", " Completion of the World Trade Center (North tower)", " Joseph Mobutu renames The Republic of the Congo Zaire", " Greenpeace founded", " COINTELPRO officially ends"], "year": 1971}, {"events": [" Northern Ireland's Bloody Sunday", " First Sudanese Civil War ends", " Martial law declared in the Philippines by President Ferdinand E", " Marcos", " Munich massacre occurs at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany"], "year": 1972}, {"events": [" 1973 Chilean coup d'\u00e9tat", " Yom Kippur War, Beginning of the Watergate scandal", " First space station, Skylab, is launched", " The Supreme Court of the United States decides Roe v", " Wade", " Death of Pablo Picasso", " First close-up images of Jupiter", " The Sears Tower is completed"], "year": 1973}, {"events": [" Turkish occupation of Cyprus", " Carnation Revolution in Portugal begins transition to democracy", " Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia is overthrown in a military coup", " First close-up images of Mercury", " Discovery of \"Lucy\" (Australopithecus afarensis) in Tanzania's Olduvai Gorge", " World population reaches 4 billion", " Resignation of Richard Nixon"], "year": 1974}, {"events": [" End of Vietnam War and Fall of Saigon", " Death of Francisco Franco; Juan Carlos I becomes King of Spain", " Haile Selassie I dies in mysterious circumstances", " Dmitri Shostakovich dies", " Cambodian Civil War ends with victory for the Khmer Rouge", " The Killing Fields murders begin", " First Cricket World Cup hosted"], "year": 1975}, {"events": [" First outbreak of the Ebola virus", " Death of Mao Zedong", " End of Cultural Revolution", " Steve Wozniak invented the Apple I and Steve Jobs then convinced Wozniak to sell the system, giving birth to Apple Computer", " Church Committee"], "year": 1976}, {"events": [" Introduction of the first mass-produced personal computers", " Launch of the Voyager spacecraft, currently the most distant man-made objects in the universe", " Queen Alia of Jordan is killed in helicopter crash", " Elvis Presley dies", " Tenerife disaster marks the deadliest accident in aviation history", " Shaba I conflict involves Safari Club"], "year": 1977}, {"events": [" Invention of artificial insulin", " Discovery of Pluto's moon Charon", " Independence of Tuvalu", " Jim Jones's New religious movement The Peoples Temple ends in the organized mass killing and suicide of 920 people", " Birth of the first test-tube baby", " Cambodian-Vietnamese War begins", " Uganda\u2013Tanzania War begins", " War in Afghanistan (1978\u2013present) begins", " Deng Xiaoping commences Economic reform in the People's Republic of China", " Spanish transition to democracy is completed", " John Paul I and then John Paul II become Pope"], "year": 1978}, {"events": [" Smallpox eradicated", " Soviet\u2013Afghan War begins", " Rhodesian Bush War ends", " Iranian Revolution and Iran hostage crisis", " Shah Reza Pahlavi forced into exile", " Arrival of Pope John Paul II in Poland, eventually sparking the Solidarity movement", " First close-up images of Saturn", " Margaret Thatcher becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", " Implementation of China's One child policy", " Uganda\u2013Tanzania War ends with defeat for Uganda and the exile of Idi Amin", " Cambodian-Vietnamese War ends with the overthrow of Cambodia's Khmer Rouge regime", " 1", "7 million people known to have been murdered in The Killing Fields", " Sino-Vietnamese War", " Nicaraguan Revolution", " Central Treaty Organization dissolved"], "year": 1979}, {"events": [" Independence of Rhodesia, which becomes Zimbabwe", " Independence of Vanuatu", " Ronald Reagan is elected President of the United States", " 1980 eruption of Mount St", " Helens", " Queen Beatrix becomes monarch of the Netherlands", " Beginning of the Iran-Iraq War, Salvadorian Civil War and Contra War", " Assassination of Salvadoran Archbishop Oscar Romero", " Disappearance and death of Azaria Chamberlain", " Solidarity union forms at Poland's Gda\u0144sk Shipyard under Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa, and begins agitation for greater personal freedoms", " Death of John Lennon"], "year": 1980}, {"events": [" Independence of Palau", " First orbital flight of the Space Shuttle", " Wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer", " Assassination of Anwar Sadat", " Launch of MTV", " Iran releases the 52 U", "S", " hostages held in Tehran after 444 days", " President Reagan and three others were injured after an assassination attempt"], "year": 1981}, {"events": [" Death of Leonid Brezhnev; Yuri Andropov becomes leader of the Soviet Union", " First Israeli invasion of Lebanon", " Falklands War", " Hama massacre in Syria leads to more than 10,000 deaths", " First execution by Lethal injection takes place in Texas", " Sony releases the world's first commercially sold CD Player, the Sony CDP-101", " Princess Grace of Monaco dies following a car accident"], "year": 1982}, {"events": [" GPS development declassified following the downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007", " Independence of Brunei", " End of dictatorship in Argentina", " Second Sudanese Civil War begins", " Invasion of Grenada by the United States", " Bombing of U", "S", " Embassy in Beirut", " The 1983 Beirut barracks bombing results in the deaths of 307 people, hastening the removal of international peacekeeping forces in Lebanon"], "year": 1983}, {"events": [" The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is recognized as the cause of HIV/AIDS, and research on zidovudine and other treatments gets underway", " Death of Yuri Andropov; Konstantin Chernenko becomes Premier of the Soviet Union", " Beginning of the 1984\u20131985 famine in Ethiopia and the 1984-85 UK miners' strike", " Sino-British Joint Declaration agrees to hand Hong Kong back to China by 1997", " Assassination of Indira Gandhi"], "year": 1984}, {"events": [" End of 1982 Lebanon War", "Live Aid", " Death of Konstantin Chernenko; Mikhail Gorbachev becomes Premier of the Soviet Union", " First use of DNA fingerprinting", " End of military leadership in Brazil"], "year": 1985}, {"events": [" Challenger and Chernobyl disasters", " South Yemen Civil War", " Launch of the space station Mir", " First close up images of the planet Uranus", " Return of Halley's Comet", " End of dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines", " Iran-Contra becomes public", " Assassination of Olof Palme"], "year": 1986}, {"events": [" Stock market crash of 1987", " First Intifada between Israel and Palestine begins", " World population reaches 5 billion", " The antidepressant drug Prozac becomes commercially available"], "year": 1987}, {"events": [" Perestroika begins", " End of the Iran-Iraq War", " End of dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet in Chile", " Pan Am Flight 103 falls over Lockerbie, Scotland", " Myanmar Armed Forces launch a military coup", " Construction of the Channel Tunnel begins", " George HW Bush is elected President of the United States"], "year": 1988}, {"events": [" Fall of the Berlin Wall; 1989 revolution and collapse of the Soviet Bloc in Europe", " Tiananmen Square Massacre in China", " End of Soviet\u2013Afghan War", " End of dictatorship in Paraguay and first direct Presidential election in Brazil since 1960", " Death of Emperor Hirohito, his son Akihito becomes Emperor of Japan", " Fatwa issued against Salman Rushdie", " Exxon Valdez oil spill", " First close up pictures of Neptune", " First Liberian Civil War begins", " Death of Salvador Dal\u00ed"], "year": 1989}, {"events": [" Sir Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web", " German reunification", " Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope", " Gulf War begins", " Contra War ends", " Myanmar Armed Forces place Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest", " North and South Yemen unify to form the Republic of Yemen", " The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change releases its first assessment report, linking increases in carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere, and resultant rise in global temperature, to human activities"], "year": 1990}, {"events": [" Gulf War ends in US withdrawal and failed uprising", " Dissolution of the Soviet Union and independence of 15 former Soviet republics", " Boris Yeltsin becomes the first President of the Russian Federation", " Ten-Day War in Slovenia begins the Yugoslav Wars", " Beginning of the Somali, Sierra Leonian and Algerian Civil Wars", " The first Website is put online and made available to the public"], "year": 1991}, {"events": [" Maastricht Treaty creates the European Union", " Bill Clinton is elected President of the United States", " End of dictatorship in Albania and South Korea", " End of Salvadorian Civil War", " Bosnian War begins", " Los Angeles riots over the acquittal of those involved in the beating of Rodney King"], "year": 1992}, {"events": [" Velvet divorce between Czech Republic and Slovakia", " Independence of Eritrea", " Oslo accords end First Intifada between Israel and Palestine", " 1993 World Trade Center bombing", " The Waco siege ends after a 51-day standoff, leaving 86 people dead"], "year": 1993}, {"events": [" End of apartheid in South Africa and election of Nelson Mandela", " Establishment of NAFTA", " Cave of the Patriarchs massacre", " First Chechen War begins", " 1994 civil war in Yemen", " Assassination of Juv\u00e9nal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira triggers the Rwandan genocide", " Opening of the Channel Tunnel", " Death of Kim Il-sung", " Kim Jong-Il becomes Supreme Leader of North Korea", " Death of Kurt Cobain"], "year": 1994}, {"events": [" Establishment of the World Trade Organization", " American terrorist Timothy McVeigh bombs the Alfred P", " Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City", " Srebrenica massacre", " NATO bombing raids in Bosnia end the Bosnian War; Dayton Accords signed", " Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin", " North Korean famine begins", " Third Taiwan Strait Crisis begins", " Austria, Finland and Sweden join the European Union"], "year": 1995}, {"events": [" First Congo War begins", " Third Taiwan Strait Crisis ends", " First Chechen War ends", " First Liberian Civil War ends", " End of dictatorship in Taiwan", " Dolly the sheep becomes the first successful cloned mammal", " The Taliban government takes control of Afghanistan", " Port Arthur massacre leaves 35 people dead, leading to tighter gun regulations in Australia", " Nepalese Civil War begins"], "year": 1996}, {"events": [" Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", " Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from UK to China", " Lottery Uprising in Albania", " Kabila ousts Mobutu: Zaire becomes the Democratic Republic of the Congo", " Diana, Princess of Wales is killed in a car accident in Paris", " Sound barrier broken on land"], "year": 1997}, {"events": [" Osama bin Laden publishes a fatwa against the West", " Kenya and Tanzania bombings", " Google is founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin", " Second Congo War begins", " Good Friday Agreement brings an end to The Troubles in Northern Ireland", " North Korean famine kills an estimated 2", "5 million people by this point"], "year": 1998}, {"events": [" Euro is introduced", " Kosovo War ends the Yugoslav Wars", " Islamist insurgency in Nigeria begins", " Hugo Chavez becomes President of Venezuela", " Second Chechen War and Second Liberian Civil War begin", " Fourth Indo-Pakistani War", " Crisis in East Timor leads to 1400 deaths", " Columbine High School massacre in Colorado, USA", " World population reaches 6 billion"], "year": 1999}, {"events": [" 3rd millennium celebrations", " End of Israeli occupation of Lebanon", " Second Intifada begins", " George W", " Bush is elected President of the United States", " Vicente Fox becomes the first opposition President of Mexico", " Vladimir Putin becomes President of Russia", " British Army launch Operation Palliser which effectively ends the Sierra Leone Civil War", " International Space Station begins operations", " First Inter-Korean Summit", " al-Qaeda suicide bombs the USS Cole"], "year": 2000}, {"events": [" September 11 attacks: Terrorists destroy the World Trade Center in New York City, damage The Pentagon in Washington, DC", " Massive earthquakes hit the western state of Gujarat, India, leaving at least 30,000 dead", " War on Terror declared", " Afghan War begins", " Wikipedia founded", " African Union founded", " During economic crisis in Argentina government effectively froze all bank accounts for twelve months which led to riots and President de la R\u00faa's resignation from office", " President Joseph Estrada of the Philippines impeached"], "year": 2001}, {"events": [" 2002 Bali bombings", " Riots and mass killings in the Indian state of Gujarat leave 1044 dead", " Chechen rebels seize theatre in Moscow", " America demands Iraq allow unfettered access to weapons inspectors", " Guantanamo Bay detention camp is established", " Algerian Civil War ends", " Beltway sniper attacks", " Rose Revolution in Georgia", " Independence of East Timor"], "year": 2002}, {"events": [" Iraq War begins, triggering worldwide protests", " War in Darfur begins", " The Human Genome Project is completed", " Second Congo War ends with more than 5 million dead", " Second Liberian Civil War ends", " Space Shuttle Columbia is destroyed on re-entry"], "year": 2003}, {"events": [" Enlargement of NATO and the European Union incorporates most of former Eastern Bloc", " Union of South American Nations formed", " Madrid train bombings", " Orange Revolution in Ukraine", " Beslan school hostage crisis", " Boxing Day Tsunami occurs in Indian Ocean, leading to the deaths of 230,000", " Death of Ronald Reagan and Yasser Arafat"], "year": 2004}, {"events": [" IRA end military campaign in Northern Ireland", " 7/7 attacks on London Underground", " Angela Merkel becomes Germany's first woman Chancellor", " Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan", " Second Intifada ends", " Israel withdraws from Gaza", " Cedar Revolution in Lebanon triggered by the Assassination of Rafic Hariri", " Second Sudanese Civil War ends", " Hurricane Katrina kills nearly 2000 people in the Gulf of Mexico", " 80,000 are killed in an earthquake in Kashmir", " The Kyoto Protocol comes into effect", " Mahmoud Ahmadinejad becomes President of Iran", " Death of Pope John Paul II; Benedict XVI becomes Pope", " Mike Brown discovers Eris"], "year": 2005}, {"events": [" Independence of Montenegro", " 2006 Lebanon War", " Mumbai bombings", " Comprehensive Peace Accord ends the Nepalese Civil War", " Ellen Johnson Sirleaf becomes President of Liberia, and thus Africa's first elected female head of state", " The International Astronomical Union creates the first formal definition of a planet, and excludes Pluto from the list", " Execution of Saddam Hussein", " The Baiji, the Yangtze river dolphin, becomes functionally extinct"], "year": 2006}, {"events": [" Anti-government protests in Myanmar crushed by ruling junta", " Spike in food prices and subprime crisis help trigger global recession", " Assassination of Benazir Bhutto"], "year": 2007}, {"events": [" End of Monarchy in Nepal", " Barack Obama is elected President of the United States", " Cyclone Nargis kills 133,000 in Myanmar", " Gaza War begins", " 2008 South Ossetia war", " Kosovo declares independence, to mixed reaction", " Battle of Basra - Iraqi forces crack down on Muqtada al Sadr's Mahdi forces in Basra and Sadr City", " 2008 Mumbai attacks"], "year": 2008}, {"events": [" Gaza War ends; Gaza blockade continues", " Sri Lankan Civil War ends", " Election protests begin in Iran", " Second Chechen War ends", " Boko Haram rebellion begins in Nigeria", " Death of Michael Jackson", " Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the world's tallest skyscraper, is completed", " Great Recession officially ends", " Formation of BRICS economic bloc", " Treaty of Lisbon ratified"], "year": 2009}, {"events": [" David Cameron becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", " Benigno Aquino III was elected as the 15th President of the Philippines", " A 7", "0 magnitude earthquake in Haiti kills 230,000", " Threat of Greece defaulting on its debts triggers the European sovereign debt crisis and Ireland's financial crisis", " The largest oil spill in US history occurs in the Gulf of Mexico", " North Korea shells the island of Yeonpyeong", " Aung San Suu Kyi released from house arrest", " 2010 Moscow Metro bombings", " The website Wikileaks releases thousands of classified US documents", " Arab Spring triggered by self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi on December 17, 2010 in Tunisia", " 2010 Kyrgyzstani revolution", " 2010 Nigerien coup d'\u00e9tat", " 10 April the President of Poland, Lech Kaczy\u0144ski, is among 96 killed when their airplane crashes in Smolensk"], "year": 2010}, {"events": [" Independence of South Sudan", " Arab Spring: revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya follow, as well as uprisings in Yemen and Bahrain, and protests in several other Arab countries", " Syrian civil war begins", " Occupy movement inspires worldwide protests", " News International phone hacking scandal", " A 9", "0 earthquake in Japan triggers a tsunami and the meltdown of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant", " Second Ivorian Civil War ends with the arrest of former president Laurent Gbagbo", " Deaths of Osama bin Laden, Muammar Gaddafi, and Kim Jong-Il", " Iraq War ends", " Riots flare across England", " Bombings occur In Russia and Somalia", " World population reaches 7 billion", " Floods in Pakistan, Thailand and the Philippines kill roughly 2500 people", " Death of Steve Jobs"], "year": 2011}, {"events": [" 2012 Northern Mali conflict, the MNLA declares Azawad an independent state", " Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh steps down", " 2012 Benghazi attack leads to the death of US ambassador J", " Christopher Stevens", " The Higgs boson is discovered", " Hurricane Sandy kills 209 people in North America, while Typhoon Bopha kills over 1,600 in the Philippines", " Skydiver Felix Baumgartner becomes the first person to break the sound barrier without a vehicle", " Conflict begins in the Central African Republic", " UN Climate Change Conference agrees to extend the Kyoto Protocol until 2020", " Israel launches Operation Pillar of Defense against the Palestinian-governed Gaza Strip", " 2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'\u00e9tat"], "year": 2012}, {"events": [" The French military intervenes in the Northern Mali conflict", " Chelyabinsk meteor", " Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI, Pope Francis becomes Pope", " Terrorist attacks occur in Boston and Nairobi", " 2013 Savar building collapse in Bangladesh", " Edward Snowden releases classified documents concerning mass surveillance by the NSA", " President of Egypt Mohamed Morsi is deposed by the military in a coup d'\u00e9tat", " Croatia becomes a member of the European Union", " The Euromaidan protest begins in Ukraine", " A chemical attack in Ghouta, Syria is blamed on President Bashar al-Assad", " Typhoon Haiyan kills nearly 6150 people in the Philippines and Vietnam", " Deaths of Hugo Ch\u00e1vez, Nelson Mandela and Margaret Thatcher", " Conflict begins in South Sudan", " Uruguay becomes the first country to fully legalise cannabis", " End of 2012\u20132013 Cypriot financial crisis"], "year": 2013}, {"events": [" The worst Ebola virus epidemic in recorded history begins in West Africa, to date infecting more than 20,000 people and killing more than 7,000", " Euromaidan protest in Ukraine sparks a revolution and the overthrow of Viktor Yanukovych, leading to Russia's annexation of Crimea and the War in Donbass", " Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 and Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 disappear mid-flight, while Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 is shot down over Ukraine and Air Alg\u00e9rie Flight 5017 crashes in Mali", " A coup d'\u00e9tat in Thailand overthrows the caretaker government", " King Juan Carlos I of Spain abdicates; his son becomes King Felipe VI", " Israel launches an assault on the Gaza Strip in response to tit-for-tat murder-kidnappings, leading to the deaths of 71 Israelis and 2100 Palestinians", " ISIS begins its offensive in northern Iraq, leading to intervention in Iraq and Syria by a US-led coalition", " Second Libyan Civil War begins", " The Rosetta spacecraft's Philae probe becomes the first to successfully land on a comet"], "year": 2014}]